Our ANS is made up of two main branches, the sympathetic and the parasympathetic, and responds to signals and sensations via three pathways, each with a characteristic pattern of response.
The sympathetic branch is found in the middle part of the spinal cord and represents the pathway that prepares us for action. It responds to cues of danger and triggers the release of adrenaline, which fuels the fight-or-flight response.
In the parasympathetic branch, the remaining two pathways are found in a nerve called the vagus which is divided into two parts: the ventral vagal and the dorsal vagal pathway.
The ventral vagal pathway responds to cues of safety and enables feelings of being engaged with life and social connection. In this state, our heart rate is regulated, our breath is full, we take in the faces of friends, and we can tune in to conversations and tune out distracting noises. We see the “big picture” and connect to the world and the people in it. We might describe ourselves as happy, active, interested and perceive the world as safe, fun, and peaceful.
In contrast, the dorsal vagal pathway responds to cues of danger. It reacts by taking us into an adaptive protective disconnected “shut down” state, where we can feel depressed, “foggy “ and emotionally numb. In a sense we enter into a state of “not being”, where our energy is conserved for essential functions only.